Timely disposition of the court's business requires a judge to devote adequate time to judicial duties, to be punctual in attending court and expeditious in determining matters under advisement, and to take reasonable measures to ensure that court personnel, litigants, and lawyers cooperate with the judge to that end. A judge should seek the necessary resources to discharge all adjudicative and administrative responsibilities. Competence in the performance of judicial duties requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary to perform a judge's responsibilities of judicial office. (B) A judge shall cooperate with other judges and court officials in the administration of court business. (A) A judge shall perform judicial and administrative duties competently, diligently, and in a timely manner. Rule 2.4 External influences on judicial conduct Sexual harassment includes but is not limited to sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is unwelcome. As used in this Rule, harassment is verbal or physical conduct that denigrates or shows hostility or aversion toward a person on bases such as those listed in Comment. Even facial expressions and body language can convey an appearance of bias or prejudice to parties and lawyers in the proceeding, jurors, the media, and others. As used in this Rule, examples of manifestations of bias or prejudice include but are not limited to epithets slurs demeaning nicknames negative stereotyping attempted humor based upon stereotypes threatening, intimidating, or hostile acts improper suggestions of connections between status or condition and crime and irrelevant references to personal characteristics. As used in this Rule, examples of status or condition include but are not limited to race, color, sex, gender identity or expression, religion, nationality, national origin, ethnicity, citizenship or immigration status, ancestry, disease or disability, age, sexual orientation, marital status, socioeconomic status, or political affiliation. A judge must avoid words or conduct that may reasonably be perceived as manifesting bias or prejudice or engaging in harassment. A judge who manifests bias or prejudice or engages in harassment in a proceeding impairs the fairness of the proceeding and brings the judiciary into disrepute. (D) This rule does not preclude judges or lawyers from making legitimate reference to a person's status or condition when it is relevant to an issue in a proceeding. (C) A judge shall require lawyers in proceedings before the court to refrain from manifesting bias or prejudice or engaging in harassment against parties, witnesses, lawyers, or others, including bias, prejudice, or harassment based upon a person's status or condition. A judge also shall not permit court personnel or others subject to the judge's direction and control to engage in such prohibited behavior. (B) A judge shall not, in the performance of judicial duties, by words or conduct manifest bias or prejudice or engage in harassment, including bias, prejudice, or harassment based upon a person's status or condition. (A) A judge shall perform the duties of judicial office, including administrative duties, without bias, prejudice, or harassment. It is not a violation of this Rule for a judge to make reasonable accommodations to ensure self-represented litigants are provided the opportunity to have their matters fairly heard. ![]() ![]() In the absence of fraud, corrupt motive, or clear indication that the judge's conduct was in bad faith or otherwise violates this Code, it is not a violation for a judge to make findings of fact, reach legal conclusions, or apply the law as the judge understands it. Errors of this kind do not violate this Rule. When applying and interpreting the law, a judge sometimes may make good faith errors of fact or law. Although each judge comes to the bench with a unique background and personal philosophy, a judge must interpret and apply the law without regard to whether the judge approves or disapproves of the law in question. ![]() To ensure impartiality and fairness to all parties, a judge must be objective and open-minded. A judge shall uphold and apply the law, and shall perform all duties of judicial office fairly and impartially.
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